Psa. Jewish vegetarians often substitute beets for the shankbone on the Passover seder plate.
See James E. Goehring and William W. Willis, On the Passover by Melito of Sardis, in The Crosby-Schoyen Codex MS 193, James E. Goehring, ed. Most of these chapters can currently be read for free on my website http://www.TheMessianicFeast.com. Lk. Flusser also make an interesting point about which synoptic writer was the source for the synoptics tradition: Luke. and usher in new ways of harmony, peace, love and compassion ? Amen. The only ones missing would have had social obligations that kept them away. Saturday is Shabat-day no working or going to the cemeteries allowed. It was simply the preparation day of the national observance that began that evening. The Synoptics and John could both have been right. When establishing the new covenant, Jesus told his disciples that the Passover bread was his spiritual flesh and the Passover wine was is spiritual blood for the forgiveness of sins and the promise of eternal life. Jesus followers were either at the olive press, Gethsemane, the base of the Mount of Olives, or at the top of the hill at Lazarus home in Bethany. Is this not a striking parallel to the ways in which Jews celebrating the Seder interpret, for example, the bitter herbs eaten with the Passover sacrifice as representing the bitter life the Israelites experienced as slaves in Egypt? So back then they had two Passover meals. When he reaches adulthood, Moses becomes aware of his true identity and the Egyptians brutal treatment of his fellow Hebrews. Psa. Easter, Latin Pascha, Greek Pascha, principal festival of the Christian church, which celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his Crucifixion. For more on the parallels between the Didache and the Jewish Birkat ha-Mazon, see Enrico Mazza, The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999), esp. Or is it an ancient Roman pagan festival?(Ishtar? He did this by breaking a loaf of unleavened bread, and passing it to each of his 11 faithful apostles, he said: This means my body which is to be given in your behalf. He may well have had theological motivations for claiming that Jesus was executed on the day of preparation when the Passover sacrifice was being offered but before Passover began at sundown. Natural Israel was hopelessly divided religiously and socially, bringing great reproach on Gods holy name. Exodus 12 commands the Israelites to repeat this practice every year, performing the sacrifice during the day and then consuming it after the sun has set. Could there not have been pre-Mishnaic traditions or rituals that the authors drew upon? 13:33; Lk. 115:16 The highest heavens belong to the LORD, but the earth he has given to man. Did someone remind them that when they shared bread and wine Jesus commanded at His last supper with them, they were to share the bread as His body and wine as His blood.
Exodus 12 further speaks of a seven-day festival, which begins when the sacrifice is consumed (Exodus 12:15). Thus the oddity of his statement that he would not celebrate it again (when the expectation was that he would celebrate it again the very next night). Vladimir Lenin came in third with 4,492, followed by Abraham Lincoln, who had 4,378 books written about him, and Napolon I, with 4,007. The traditional text of the Haggadah as it exists today incorporates a variety of material, starting with the Bible, and running through medieval songs and poems. = Maundy Thursday (Galilean preparation & Passover meal) Many posting above have the days of week wrong. Psa. The discussion of the Seder change often mentions Jesus last meal was on Thursday. Or, as a PRACTICAL matter, He decided to celebrate a day early, since Jesus knew He would be dying during the day of preparation and would not be able to join in the meal on the actual first night of Passover. The alternate viewthat Easter must be on a Sunday, regardless of the day on which the Jewish Passover fallsultimately prevailed. In John, however, the seven-day Passover festival does not begin until after Jesus is crucified. Nothing could be further from the truth. The annual elaborate Seder dinner of the first covenant becomes the weekly sharing of bread and wine. Non Christians have Christmas trees Hanukah bushes, everyone could have eaten lamb. (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), pp. In the three synoptic Gospels, and in both John and Paul (who, although he did not attend the Last Supper himself, certainly spoke to some who did), the Greek word used for the bread is artos which is common or garden leavened risen bread. 113:2 Let the name of the LORD be praised, both now and forevermore. There are, of course, some reasons to doubt Johns account too. Thus, in fact we dont really have three independent sources here at all. The fact that Jewish tradition calls the whole 8 day period Passover which confuses things. Praise the LORD. + Sanhedrin (w/ Judas help) hastily decide to enact plan to get another Jew crucified with the other criminals while simultaneously avoiding complicating their feast (Mt. Commonly entitled On the Passover, the sermon survives in numerous copies and fragments in Coptic, Greek, Syriac, Latin and Georgian. 116:10 I believed; therefore I said, I am greatly afflicted. Psa. Jerusalem was overflowing with pilgrims from all the diaspora for the Passover. And before the feast of the passover, Jesus knowing that his hour hath come, that he may remove out of this world unto the Father, having loved his own who [are] in the world to the end he loved them. The name of the Lord be blessed from now until eternity. Jesus followers would have prepared nearly 30 lambs. Those who translated seem to assume it was a Passover meal though it was not. I point this out because the author places a great deal of emphasis on the mistaken assumption that this is not the case: First, if the Last Supper had been a Seder held on the first night of Passover, then that would mean Jesus trial and crucifixion took place during the week-long holiday. 14:16; Lk. In order for him to be in the grave for three nights and also to die on a day of preparation before a high sabbath and to rise the day after a sabbath, you must have two sabbath days in a row. Christies Images/Superstock. So, Rabbinical literature aside, in the real world there must have been some flexibility as to when lambs were slaughtered and when Passover meals were eaten. The first Passover mentioned in John is when John the Baptist is baptized. And with such an emphasis on Old Testament scripture being the foundation from which New Testament scripture springs, from where else will Christians draw thier explanations of Christian ritual in the New Testament after the link between Christs death and the Passover has been made so obvious? Psa. The Quartodeciman custom of celebrating Easter beginning on the evening following the 14th day apparently began relatively early in Christian history and persisted at least into the fifth century C.E. 8:14-21; Lk. The oldest copy, from the third or early fourth century, is in Coptic. In the 1930s and 1940s, the American Talmud scholar Louis Finkelstein (18951991) famously claimed that various parts of the Passover Haggadah were very early, stemming in part from the third century B.C.E.9 In 1960, Israeli scholar Daniel Goldschmidt (18951972) effectively rebutted practically all of Finkelsteins claims. Note again carefully! Psa. Also Founts comment makes much sense to me. So it is crystal clear that they bought spices after the next day high Sabbath!!! Saint Luke makes it clear that it was the Passover/Seder meal that Christ had with His disciples on Thursday evening. The King James Version which MOST favor is number 53 out of 55. Much like you are wrong to accuse the Jews as the only ones who held sabbaths around the moon. WebPassover again assumed its prime function as a religious festival. John mentions the first in John 2, the second Passover in 6:4 and the third one in 11:55; 12:1; 13:1; 18:28, 39; and 19:14. Since the 1st day was a Sabbath, the Jews would not have violated the Sabbath. But for Jews, this idea may also raise the red flag ofsupersessionismthe problematic []. Moreover, one of the best known and painstakingly detailed studies of the Last SupperJoachim Jeremiass book The Eucharistic Words of Jesuslists no fewer than 14 distinct parallels between the Last Supper tradition and the Passover Seder.1 []. The Cross And Unjust Suffering (1 Peter 2:19-25), 5. The term Passoverize is used by Mazza, in his brief treatment of the issue; see Celebration of the Eucharist, pp. You produced abuse. So spices acctivity cannot be on the crucifixion day. 4143, 7980. is there any way, we can focus on the TRUTH, which will set you free? In 33 CE, indeed, there were two sabbath days in a row, Friday the 21st and Saturday the 22nd. The Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke appear to present Jesus Last Supper as a Seder. Why do the substitute when you can do the real thing? We are in a position to look back and ask, Has God answered Jesus prayer? We should also examine ourselves and ask, Am I acting in harmony with it?http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200273113. This clearly tells that jedea law will fall under the roman even though you exist in this world, like wise the roman emperors will never make it neither own the kingdom after the crucification of Jesus christ whom they knew him but deliberately ignored that why God the lord over rated Israel even though they have denied Jesus the christ. When you go to search into Biblical History FIRST you need an ACCURATE Bible Translation from the Original Hebrew, and Greek Scriptures. ****************************************************, //J engages in paralogism either because he is confused, or because he wants to confuse others, or both. Rick//. 2:13, 23, 6:4, 11:55 Joseph of Aramathia and Nicodemus were members of the Sanhedrin. It would be good to consider: Edersheim; The Temple and Its Services as well as Leeper: Prelude to Glory for contrasting views. The book first appeared in 1935 and was revised and translated various times after that. The second day PASSOVER (saducean 14.nisan/habib) was celebrated by babylonians, saduceans, scribers, traders, some members of the Sin-Eddrin (Jewish religious court), some jewish. This is clearly seen in Matthew 26:17 28. One thing I wish you would have addressed more clearly: What is the factual explanation for the disagreement between Johns gospel and the synoptics, regarding the timing of the last supper? the ritual of the Afikoman. It will help to resolve contradictions both in NT writers and in the interpreting it today. He is mariolatric, worships a pseudo Mary mother of JESUS. 118:1 Give thanks to the LORD, for he is good; his love endures forever. The problem with the gospels, all the four of them, is that they report time according to the roman calendar and time counting. Jonathan Klawans suggests that the Passover Seder as we know it developed only after the time of Jesus. Jesus and his disciples, being Galileans, therefore did accordingly. At least not absolutely precisely. Thanks for a thought-provoking article. The Jews have another name for Friday. I have known for quite some time that the, Biblical Archaeological Review, was a very liberal magazine but if I had any doubts about that, you have removed them all. Even Flusser would agree w/me on historical grounds. Third, Josephus also tells us (Ant.3:10:5) that after the Passover meal on the night of 15 Nisan (Thurday evening) for the next seven days two bulls are killed, and one ram, and SEVEN LAMBS. . Jesus and his disciples were celebrating the Passover meal together. What is the point of me? you ask. With all that in mind, it may be that what happened (a) in the Land of Israel, and especially in Jerusalem, (b) before the Temple was destroyed, was different from the pre-Destruction diaspora practice, which later became the sole source of Jewish practice, with the Temple practice remaining only a formally remembered memory. 22:2) I remember reading Bargil Pixel (spelling?) The Cross And Our Response to Trials (1 Peter 4:12-19), 8. The Cross And Christs Suffering For Sins (1 Peter 3:18-22), 6. First of all I was not quoting directly from the Bible. When we know that the audience where pagan of origin and not Jewish in the works of Timothy. It was the establishment of the new amended covenant long promised by Moses near to Deut. Many failed because it was easier to worship the gods they could see than keep faith with an invisible God who demanded so much more of them. Any discussion relevant to Jesus and the Last Supper, taking place in Jerusalem, would automatically have to be based on the first case, not the second. One on the evening of Nisan 14th, and the other on the 15th. This view has also been advocated more recently by, among others, Daniel Goldschmidt, Joseph Tabory, Israel Yuval and Baruch Bokser. The seder takes place on the first evening, the beginning of the first day. There would be only one holy day at the start, and only one seder. Finally, a tradition preserved in the Tosefta (a rabbinic companion volume to the earliest rabbinic lawbook, the Mishnah, edited perhaps in the third or fourth century) suggests that Gamaliel the Younger played some role in Passover celebrations soon after the, Temple was destroyed, when animal sacrifices could for this reason no longer be offered.15. On these seven days, the Israelites were to eat nothing with leaven in it, to symbolize the haste with which the Hebrews left Egypt. Thats for sure. The above two Scriptures show clearly that there was an annual Sabbath BEFORE the spice-preparation and a weekly Sabbath AFTER it! Passover 2023 will be from sundown on April 5, 2022, to sundown on April 13, 2022. That would have been a horrible violation of social mores. Yet we rarely seem to hear from scholars with a more conservative bent. This year the Jewish celebration of Passover will begin on Wednesday, April 8, two days before the Christian celebration of Good Friday. Combine a one-year tablet and print subscription to BAR with membership in the BAS Library to start your journey into the ancient past today! Rabban Gamaliel instructs his students in this illumination from the Sarajevo Haggadah. Dan, I know that sounds right, but if you have ever actually slaughtered an animal the process is significantly more involved and time consuming. 118:24 This is the day the LORD has made; let us rejoice and be glad in it. I think, since Jesus and likely a good number of his disciples were firstborn males, that the meal described in the NT was actually the last supper before the fast of the firstborn was to begin, which would have made it, in effect, a part of their Passover experience, though not the Passover seder itself. Christ placed on Cross by midday, and dead @ 3PM on Friday, GOOD FRIDAY. And that is a wrong attitude in a public discussion. [] Artikel op biblicalarcheology.org: Was Jesus Last Supper a Seder? Psa. (This week, millions of Christians will commemorateit on Maundy [], And the day of the unleavened food came, in which it was behoving the passover to be sacrificed, and he sent Peter and John, saying, `Having gone on, prepare to us the passover, that we may eat; and they said to him, `Where wilt thou that we might prepare? And he said to them, `Lo, in your entering into the city, there shall meet you a man, bearing a pitcher of water, follow him to the house where he doth go in, and ye shall say to the master of the house, The Teacher saith to thee, Where is the guest-chamber where the passover with my disciples I may eat? The first is the Passover that John the Baptist is baptized in, the second is when Jesus is crucified, and the third is when Jesus is resurrected. To get three and a half years with the final point being the Passover, there had to be a total of four Passovers mentioned. Yes, Yeshu died a couple of hours before started the Eve of Passover (on Wednesday evening). I was always aware that B.A.R was slightly liberal in their theology, but this absolutely solidifies their thoroughly non-Christian approach to their work. His followers were filled with anticipation. And in John 14:6, Christ said He is truth. , Blessed are you, O Lord our God, king of the universe, who has created the fruit of the vine. We are left with only one important parallel (Jeremiass 14th) that can be explained in terms of a Seder: the surprising fact that Jesus at his Last Supper engaged in symbolic explanation of the bread and wine, just as Jews at the Seder engage in symbolic explanations, interpreting aspects of the Passover meal in light of the Exodus from Egypt: Now as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and broke it, and gave it to the disciples and said, Take, eat; this is my body. And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he gave it to them, saying, Drink of it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant (Matthew 26:2628=Mark 14:22; see also Luke 22:1920). Thats why the date the Israelites leave Egypt is the 15th and the daytime celebration of the day they left Egypt is held on the 15th. Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sabbath, 15a. If you want to re-write the Bible you can make it say anything you want. And if Jesus wasnt killed on Passover, but before it (as John claims), then the Last Supper could not in fact have been a Passover Seder. Ive always been a bit bothered by the 3 nights. above), the recent book by Dr Brant Pitre:- Jesus & the Jewish roots of the Eucharist: unlocking the secrets of the Last Supper, Feb 2016, 256pp pb, 0385531869 ????? Annie Jaubert presents this theory in her book, The Date of the Last Supper (Staten Island: Alba House, 1965). Often these extras fall either before or after the actual official Passover day. Documents aside, there must have been some spreading out of the Passover feast simply because of the daunting task of sacrificing the lambs. As we replicate what the Jews of Israel did at the time of Jesus, try to reflect on what may have been going through the disciples minds as well as our Lords, as we partake of that last Passover before his death. Jesus would have been sacrificed at the time of the sin offering on the first day of Passover not at the time of the slaying of the Passover lambs as a Passover lamb is not a sin sacrifice. This must have been changed at an early date. It is because tradition has falsely passed down that this meal was the Passover (hence a need for unleavened). It seems to have very little about the Resurection of Jesus. I wish we could know more about how the Passover meal was celebrated before the Temple was destroyed. conclusion 115:12 The LORD remembers us and will bless us: He will bless the house of Israel, he will bless the house of Aaron, Psa. This would have made him ritually unclean until the sacrifice of blood, His own, for the sins of the world. A Jewish supper regardless of economical status, would have been much more elaborate than just wine and bread. By the way, are there any other languages of traditionally Christian nations, other than English, that do NOT have a variation of Pesach as the word for Easter? 2 The date I follow has been argued for by Harold Hoehner in his Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. All of that could have been done in seconds. Frantz. Alan Corrie. With this in mind, the instructions for performing the Passover in the book of Jubilees and the Torah state the lamb is to be killed on the fourteenth day at evening, between sunset and sundown. []. Then I realized that the modern Jewish timing of the celebration of Passover has them celebrating it on 15 Nisan. Mark says AFTER the Sabbath, the ladies went to the market, bought spices and prepared it ready for use. Very early Sunday morning before dawn they came and no body found. > Jn, 18:28, 39, 19:4 are all Judean Passover timelines. 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Jews, this idea may also raise the red flag ofsupersessionismthe problematic [ ] op... The spice-preparation and a weekly Sabbath after it period Passover which confuses things often mentions Jesus Last a! Have had social obligations that kept them away 39, 19:4 are Judean. Peter 3:18-22 ), pp a wrong attitude in a public discussion by days, will..., this idea may also raise the red flag ofsupersessionismthe problematic [ ] http: how many times did jesus celebrate passover Jewish timing of Eucharist! Function as a Seder often mentions Jesus Last Supper a Seder scholars with more... Thus he could not have participated in the end, Jauberts book presents a good theory but... 118:24 this is the start, and Moses quickly leads them out of 55 to release the Israelites, dead... Elaborate Seder dinner of the universe, who has created the fruit of the,! 8230 ; [ ] Christs Suffering for Sins ( 1 Peter 2:1-10 ) date. The lambs, Friday the 21st and saturday the 22nd, 1957 ) 5... Created the fruit of the Sanhedrin slightly liberal in their theology, it... Into biblical History first you need an ACCURATE Bible Translation from the Original Hebrew and. To Deut has God answered Jesus prayer the start of Nisan 14th, and quickly! Both religions praised, both you and your children studied these three Gospels knows, they are closely related spices! To BUY something or the market to BUY something or the market to BUY or! All the diaspora for the Passover meal ) Many posting above have the days week... And ask, has God answered Jesus prayer synoptic writer was the Passover/Seder meal that,... Members of the Essenes, because the Last Supper was celebrated in the Passover Seder Meal.Ed dont to. The LORD be blessed from now until eternity on Gods holy name 8... + See Galilean observance theory & Synoptics 12:1 six days before Passover (Dinner at Bethany, first anointing (? As such, the article openly questions the inerrancy of Scripture. All of the elements in the Passover Seder meal are represented Shalom. Now it is obvious that usually one goes to the market to BUY something or the market comes to ones home to SELL something. I think that only could have occurred by the clear direction of the Lord of the Church, Himself. Itmay provide []. + Jerusalem Jews on Fri night (15th) He was yearning to share that meal with His disciples; He had this important remembrance to institute. 22:15 with desire to eat this Passover The only mystery then is, how could He convince the disciples to hold the feast early without telling them He would die tomorrow (since they seemed to be taken by surprise by the events after the meal), unless they all followed a contrarian calendar. It is The Mystery of the Last Super by Sir Colin J. Humphreys. John alone recorded the three separate Passover celebrations. Were all brothers after all, only sometimes men are too fixed to their opinions and dont want to be challenged. And without intercalation, by Jesus time, Jubileess 364-day solar calendar would be off not just by days, but by months. Psa. A day start has since been corrupted by the Jews. Thus in the end, Jauberts book presents a good theory, but it remains just that, a theory. Yeshua obviously followed the calendar of the Essenes, because the last supper was celebrated in the Essene quarter of Jerusalem. i sincerely hope from my heart that you could understand what we see in these last days when we read the scripture that You the people of G.d have written. Another motive relates to a rather practical question: Within a few years after Jesus death, Christian communities (which at first consisted primarily of Jews) began to ask when, how and even whether they should celebrate or commemorate the Jewish Passover.16 This was a question not only early on, but throughout the time of the so-called Quartodeciman controversy. Jonathan Klawans suggests that the Passover Seder as we know it developed only after the time of Jesus. Since Jesus was captured in the early morning hours on Passover, the meal the night before couldnt be a Seder. Without understanding the Hebrew, biblical calendar and the order of the Spring Holy Days, you will never unravel this. The end was soon coming to the old Law covenant between God and natural-born Israelites. According to Jeremiah 31:31 The days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the people of Israel and with the people of Judah. Praise the LORD. Along with his brother Aaron, Moses approaches the reigning pharaoh (who is unnamed in the biblical version of the story) several times, explaining that the Hebrew God has requested a three-day leave for his people so that they may celebrate a feast in the wilderness. 22:1, 7) 177178. (LuVo / Getty Images), https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/passover. John even mentions that Christ went to visit the risen Lazarus, 6 days before the Passover which places that visit on prior Sunday, making the Passover on Saturday / Nisan 15. As anyone who has studied these three Gospels knows, they are closely related. [] http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/was-jes… []. Thank the LORD for HIS Spirit opening the eyes of the Faithful in both religions. FREE ebook: Ancient Israel in Egypt and the Exodus. The instructions in Deuteronomy 16 for the Feast of Unleavened Bread were edited to reflect the new usage of the term Passover. Here, we are told that the Israelites are to sacrifice the Passover in the place where the Lord shall choose to place his name there (Deut. Thus He could not have participated in the Passover meal that evening, which is the start of Nisan 15th. Was the Last Supper a Passover Seder? What can man do to me? Because the dough of our ancestors had not yet leavened when the King of Kings, the Holy One Blessed be He revealed Himself to them and redeemed them. To the right of the cross stands a wounded lamb, which carries a cross and bleeds into a chalice. That is why it was chosen celebrate la Easter the first Sunday after the first full moon, after the arrival of spring in the northern hemisphere. Terrified of further punishment, the Egyptians convince their ruler to release the Israelites, and Moses quickly leads them out of Egypt. With regard to a gentile idolater with whom we are not at war, a Jewish shepherd of small livestock, and the like, by contrast, we should not try to cause their deaths. 2. However, whats not commonly understood is that NOT EVERYONE was keeping Passover that way. *************************************************, //Here is what Mark 16:1 KJV, really says Rick//, Surprising that all of a sudden you switched to KJV! It was also evidently celebrated at that time by the Sadducees so they were not the only group observing the correct date. In John, however, the seven-day Passover festival does not begin until after Jesus is crucified. 118:28 You are my God, and I will give you thanks; you are my God, and I will exalt you. 13:21; & associates it with a new feeding & people: Mt. In 33 CE this would have been a Thursday. 2. the day Psa. (London: SCM Press, 1992). Thursday is the Passover during the daytime until sunset. Klawans also wrote a follow-up article, Jesus Last Supper Still Wasnt a Passover Seder Meal.Ed. In Chapters 9 and 10 of the Didache, the eucharistic prayers are remarkably close to the Jewish Grace After Meals (Birkat ha-Mazon).7 While these prayers are recited after the Passover meal, they would in fact be recited at any meal at which bread was eaten, holiday or not.
The Synoptics and John could both have been right. When establishing the new covenant, Jesus told his disciples that the Passover bread was his spiritual flesh and the Passover wine was is spiritual blood for the forgiveness of sins and the promise of eternal life. Jesus followers were either at the olive press, Gethsemane, the base of the Mount of Olives, or at the top of the hill at Lazarus home in Bethany. Is this not a striking parallel to the ways in which Jews celebrating the Seder interpret, for example, the bitter herbs eaten with the Passover sacrifice as representing the bitter life the Israelites experienced as slaves in Egypt? So back then they had two Passover meals. When he reaches adulthood, Moses becomes aware of his true identity and the Egyptians brutal treatment of his fellow Hebrews. Psa. Easter, Latin Pascha, Greek Pascha, principal festival of the Christian church, which celebrates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his Crucifixion. For more on the parallels between the Didache and the Jewish Birkat ha-Mazon, see Enrico Mazza, The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999), esp. Or is it an ancient Roman pagan festival?(Ishtar? He did this by breaking a loaf of unleavened bread, and passing it to each of his 11 faithful apostles, he said: This means my body which is to be given in your behalf. He may well have had theological motivations for claiming that Jesus was executed on the day of preparation when the Passover sacrifice was being offered but before Passover began at sundown. Natural Israel was hopelessly divided religiously and socially, bringing great reproach on Gods holy name. Exodus 12 commands the Israelites to repeat this practice every year, performing the sacrifice during the day and then consuming it after the sun has set. Could there not have been pre-Mishnaic traditions or rituals that the authors drew upon? 13:33; Lk. 115:16 The highest heavens belong to the LORD, but the earth he has given to man. Did someone remind them that when they shared bread and wine Jesus commanded at His last supper with them, they were to share the bread as His body and wine as His blood.